Metagenomic analysis characterizes stage-specific gut microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease

[ad_1]

  • Scheltens P, De Strooper B, Kivipelto M, Holstege H, Chetelat G, Teunissen CE, et al. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 2021;397:1577–90.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & dementia. 2011;7:263–9.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Long S, Benoist C, Weidner W. World Alzheimer report 2023: reducing dementia risk: never too early, never too late. London, England: Alzheimer’s Disease International; 2023.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Long JM, Holtzman DM. Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies. Cell. 2019;179:312–39.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Self WK, Holtzman DM. Emerging diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer disease. Nature Medicine. 2023;29:2187–99.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huang L, Chen K, Liu Z, Guo Q. A conceptual framework for research on cognitive impairment with no dementia in memory clinic. Current Alzheimer Research. 2020;17:517–25.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Edmonds EC, Delano-Wood L, Galasko DR, Salmon DP, Bondi MW, Brandt J. Subtle cognitive decline and biomarker staging in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2015;47:231–42.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bondi MW, Edmonds EC, Jak AJ, Clark LR, Delano-Wood L, McDonald CR, et al. Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment improves diagnostic precision, biomarker associations, and progression rates. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2014;42:275–89.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thomas KR, Bangen KJ, Weigand AJ, Edmonds EC, Wong CG, Cooper S, et al. Objective subtle cognitive difficulties predict future amyloid accumulation and neurodegeneration. Neurology. 2020;94:e397–e406.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Papp KV, Buckley R, Mormino E, Maruff P, Villemagne VL, Masters CL, et al. Clinical meaningfulness of subtle cognitive decline on longitudinal testing in preclinical. AD. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2020;16:552–60.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;388:9–21.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2018;14:535–62.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Khedr EM, Omeran N, Karam-Allah Ramadan H, Ahmed GK, Abdelwarith AM. Alteration of gut microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease and their relation to the cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2022;88:1103–14.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dubois B, Villain N, Frisoni GB, Rabinovici GD, Sabbagh M, Cappa S, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations of the International Working Group. The Lancet Neurology. 2021;20:484–96.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, et al. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiological Reviews. 2019;99:1877–2013.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Morais LH, Schreiber IVHL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota–brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021;19:241–55.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Loh JS, Mak WQ, Tan LKS, Ng CX, Chan HH, Yeow SH, et al. Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2024;9:37.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Varesi A, Pierella E, Romeo M, Piccini GB, Alfano C, Bjorklund G, et al. The potential role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease: from diagnosis to treatment. Nutrients. 2022;14:668.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li B, He Y, Ma J, Huang P, Du J, Cao L, et al. Mild cognitive impairment has similar alterations as Alzheimer’s disease in gut microbiota. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2019;15:1357–66.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Haran JP, Bhattarai SK, Foley SE, Dutta P, Ward DV, Bucci V, et al. Alzheimer’s disease microbiome is associated with dysregulation of the anti-inflammatory P-Glycoprotein pathway. mBio. 2019;10:e00632–19.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ferreiro AL, Choi J, Ryou J, Newcomer EP, Thompson R, Bollinger RM, et al. Gut microbiome composition may be an indicator of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Science Translational Medicine. 2023;15:eabo2984.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liang Y, Liu C, Cheng M, Geng L, Li J, Du W, et al. The link between gut microbiome and Alzheimer’s disease: from the perspective of new revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2024;20:5771–88.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chandra S, Sisodia SS, Vassar RJ. The gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease: what we know and what remains to be explored. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2023;18:9.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li M, Liu J, Zhu J, Wang H, Sun C, Gao NL, et al. Performance of gut microbiome as an independent diagnostic tool for 20 diseases: cross-cohort validation of machine-learning classifiers. Gut Microbes. 2023;15:2205386.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xiao L, Zhang F, Zhao F. Large-scale microbiome data integration enables robust biomarker identification. Nature Computational Science. 2022;2:307–16.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ranjan R, Rani A, Metwally A, McGee HS, Perkins DL. Analysis of the microbiome: Advantages of whole genome shotgun versus 16S amplicon sequencing. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;469:967–77.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu P, Wu L, Peng G, Han Y, Tang R, Ge J, et al. Altered microbiomes distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from amnestic mild cognitive impairment and health in a Chinese cohort. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2019;80:633–43.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ueda A, Shinkai S, Shiroma H, Taniguchi Y, Tsuchida S, Kariya T, et al. Identification of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains for gut microbiome-based intervention in Alzheimer’s-type dementia. Cell Reports Medicine. 2021;2:100398.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu H, Esteve E, Tremaroli V, Khan MT, Caesar R, Mannerås-Holm L, et al. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nature Medicine. 2017;23:850–8.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Koh A, Molinaro A, Ståhlman M, Khan MT, Schmidt C, Mannerås-Holm L, et al. Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1. Cell. 2018;175:947–61.e917.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet Journal. 2011;17:3.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:1754–60.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wood DE, Lu J, Langmead B. Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2. Genome Biology. 2019;20:1–13.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Lu J, Rincon N, Wood DE, Breitwieser FP, Pockrandt C, Langmead B, et al. Metagenome analysis using the Kraken software suite. Nature Protocols. 2022;17:2815–39.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li D, Liu CM, Luo R, Sadakane K, Lam TW. MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics. 2015;31:1674–6.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hyatt D, Chen G-L, LoCascio PF, Land ML, Larimer FW, Hauser LJ. Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010;11:119.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fu L, Niu B, Zhu Z, Wu S, Li W. CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:3150–2.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cantalapiedra CP, Hernández-Plaza A, Letunic I, Bork P, Huerta-Cepas J, Tamura K. eggNOG-mapper v2: functional annotation, orthology assignments, and domain prediction at the metagenomic scale. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2021;38:5825–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dixon P. VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2003;14:927–30.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Ma S, Shungin D, Mallick H, Schirmer M, Nguyen LH, Kolde R, et al. Population structure discovery in meta-analyzed microbial communities and inflammatory bowel disease using MMUPHin. Genome Biology. 2022;23:208.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nearing JT, Douglas GM, Hayes MG, MacDonald J, Desai DK, Allward N, et al. Microbiome differential abundance methods produce different results across 38 datasets. Nature Communications. 2022;13:342.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mallick H, Rahnavard A, McIver LJ, Ma S, Zhang Y, Nguyen LH, et al. Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies. PLOS Computational Biology. 2021;17:e1009442.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang DD, Nguyen LH, Li Y, Yan Y, Ma W, Rinott E, et al. The gut microbiome modulates the protective association between a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic disease risk. Nature Medicine. 2021;27:333–43.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Beck LC, Masi AC, Young GR, Vatanen T, Lamb CA, Smith R, et al. Strain-specific impacts of probiotics are a significant driver of gut microbiome development in very preterm infants. Nature Microbiology. 2022;7:1525–35.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huang B, Chau SWH, Liu Y, Chan JWY, Wang J, Ma SL, et al. Gut microbiome dysbiosis across early Parkinson’s disease, REM sleep behavior disorder and their first-degree relatives. Nature Communications. 2023;14:2501.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wallen ZD, Demirkan A, Twa G, Cohen G, Dean MN, Standaert DG, et al. Metagenomics of Parkinson’s disease implicates the gut microbiome in multiple disease mechanisms. Nature Communications. 2022;13:6958.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhu F, Ju Y, Wang W, Wang Q, Guo R, Ma Q, et al. Metagenome-wide association of gut microbiome features for schizophrenia. Nature Communications. 2020;11:1612.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li Z, Lai J, Zhang P, Ding J, Jiang J, Liu C, et al. Multi-omics analyses of serum metabolome, gut microbiome and brain function reveal dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis in bipolar depression. Molecular Psychiatry. 2022;27:4123–35.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Morton JT, Jin D-M, Mills RH, Shao Y, Rahman G, McDonald D, et al. Multi-level analysis of the gut–brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles. Nature Neuroscience. 2023;26:1208–17.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Breiman L. Random forests. Machine learning. 2001;45:5–32.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O, et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2011;12:2825–30.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Ling Z, Zhu M, Yan X, Cheng Y, Shao L, Liu X, et al. Structural and functional dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Chinese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021;8:634069.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhuang Z-Q, Shen L- L, Li W-W, Fu X, Zeng F, Gui L, et al. Gut microbiota is altered in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2018;63:1337–46.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaiyrlykyzy A, Kozhakhmetov S, Babenko D, Zholdasbekova G, Alzhanova D, Olzhayev F, et al. Study of gut microbiota alterations in Alzheimer’s dementia patients from Kazakhstan. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:15115.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yıldırım S, Nalbantoğlu ÖU, Bayraktar A, Ercan FB, Gündoğdu A, Velioğlu HA, et al. Stratification of the gut microbiota composition landscape across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in a Turkish cohort. Msystems. 2022;7:e00004–00022.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nature Biotechnology. 2019;37:852–7.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, et al. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nature Biotechnology. 2020;38:685–8.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ling W, Lu J, Zhao N, Lulla A, Plantinga AM, Fu W, et al. Batch effects removal for microbiome data via conditional quantile regression. Nature Communications. 2022;13:5418.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grabrucker S, Marizzoni M, Silajdžić E, Lopizzo N, Mombelli E, Nicolas S, et al. Microbiota from Alzheimer’s patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain. 2023;146:4916–34.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Farias ST, Mungas D, Reed BR, Cahn-Weiner D, Jagust W, Baynes K, et al. The measurement of everyday cognition (ECog): scale development and psychometric properties. Neuropsychology. 2008;22:531–44.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Katzman R, Zhang M, Ouang Ya Q, Wang Z, Liu WT, Yu E, et al. A Chinese version of the mini-mental state examination; Impact of illiteracy in a Shanghai dementia survey. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1988;41:971–8.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen KL, Xu Y, Chu AQ, Ding D, Liang XN, Nasreddine ZS, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of Montreal cognitive assessment basic for screening mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016;64:e285–e290.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pan F-F, Wang Y, Huang L, Huang Y, Guo Q-H. Validation of the Chinese version of Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III for detecting mild cognitive impairment. Aging & Mental Health. 2022;26:384–91.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Seo DO, O’Donnell D, Jain N, Ulrich JD, Herz J, Li Y, et al. ApoE isoform- and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy. Science. 2023;379:eadd1236.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, Harding SJ, Merluzzi AP, Johnson SC, et al. Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:13537.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, Craft S, Yadav H. Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer’s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine. 2019;47:529–42.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang D, Li N, Wang Y, Lu W, Zhang Y, Chen Y, et al. Methane ameliorates post-operative cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting microglia NF-κB/MAPKs pathway and promoting IL-10 expression in aged mice. International Immunopharmacology. 2019;71:52–60.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Robinson N, Grabowski P, Rehman I. Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: is there a role for folate? Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2018;174:86–94.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Qian X, Hai W, Chen S, Zhang M, Jiang X, Tang H. Multi-omics data reveals aberrant gut microbiota-host glycerophospholipid metabolism in association with neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice. Gut Microbes. 2023;15:2282790.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Chen X, Liu X, et al. Effects of methionine intake on cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment patients and APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s disease model mice: role of the cystathionine-β-synthase/H2S pathway. Redox Biology. 2023;59:102595.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lin C-H, Chen P-K, Chang Y-C, Chuo L-J, Chen Y-S, Tsai GE, et al. Benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, for the treatment of early-phase Alzheimer disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry. 2014;75:678–85.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Paley EL. Discovery of Gut Bacteria specific to Alzheimer’s associated diseases is a clue to understanding disease etiology: meta-analysis of population-based data on human gut metagenomics and metabolomics. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2019;72:319–55.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Connell E, Le Gall G, Pontifex MG, Sami S, Cryan JF, Clarke G, et al. Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2022;17:43.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fang P, Kazmi SA, Jameson KG, Hsiao EY. The microbiome as a modifier of neurodegenerative disease risk. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;28:201–22.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thu Thuy Nguyen V, Endres K. Targeting gut microbiota to alleviate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2022;188:114418.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jones RB, Alderete TL, Kim JS, Millstein J, Gilliland FD, Goran MI. High intake of dietary fructose in overweight/obese teenagers associated with depletion of Eubacterium and Streptococcus in gut microbiome. Gut Microbes. 2019;10:712–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shkoporov AN, Hill C. Bacteriophages of the human gut: the “known unknown” of the microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25:195–209.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Almeida A, Nayfach S, Boland M, Strozzi F, Beracochea M, Shi ZJ, et al. A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome. Nature Biotechnology. 2021;39:105–14.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heintz-Buschart A, Wilmes P. Human gut microbiome: function matters. Trends in Microbiology. 2018;26:563–74.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu N-N, Jiao N, Tan J-C, Wang Z, Wu D, Wang A-J, et al. Multi-kingdom microbiota analyses identifybacterial–fungal interactions and biomarkers of colorectal cancer acrosscohorts. Nature Microbiology. 2022;7:238–50.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kalynych S, Morona R, Cygler M. Progress in understanding the assembly process of bacterial O-antigen. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2014;38:1048–65.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Laman JD, ’t Hart BA, Power C, Dziarski R. Bacterial peptidoglycan as a driver of chronic brain inflammation. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2020;26:670–82.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Feng M, Hou T, Zhou M, Cen Q, Yi T, Bai J, et al. Gut microbiota may be involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathology by dysregulating pyrimidine metabolism in APP/PS1 mice. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022;14:967747.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen C, Liao J, Xia Y, Liu X, Jones R, Haran J, et al. Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer’s disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation. Gut. 2022;71:2233–52.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chaudhuri J, Bains Y, Guha S, Kahn A, Hall D, Bose N, et al. The role of advanced glycation end products in aging and metabolic diseases: bridging association and causality. Cell Metabolism. 2018;28:337–52.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu Q, Xi Y, Wang Q, Liu J, Li P, Meng X, et al. Mannan oligosaccharide attenuates cognitive and behavioral disorders in the 5xFAD Alzheimer’s disease mouse model via regulating the gut microbiota-brain axis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2021;95:330–43.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ansoleaga B, Jové M, Schlüter A, Garcia-Esparcia P, Moreno J, Pujol A, et al. Deregulation of purine metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging. 2015;36:68–80.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu P, Fleete MS, Jing Y, Collie ND, Curtis MA, Waldvogel HJ, et al. Altered arginine metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease brains. Neurobiology of Aging. 2014;35:1992–2003.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Guo M, Peng J, Huang X, Xiao L, Huang F, Zuo Z. Gut microbiome features of Chinese patients newly diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2021;80:299–310.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rossi M, Amaretti A, Raimondi S. Folate production by probiotic bacteria. Nutrients. 2011;3:118–34.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Avalos M, Garbeva P, Vader L, van Wezel GP, Dickschat JS, Ulanova D. Biosynthesis, evolution and ecology of microbial terpenoids. Natural Product Reports. 2022;39:249–72.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schoeler M, Caesar R. Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2019;20:461–72.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Song L, Chen J, Lo C-YZ, Guo Q, Feng J, Zhao X-M Impaired type I interferon signaling activity implicated in the peripheral blood transcriptome of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. EBioMedicine 2022; 82.

  • Song L, Yang YT, Guo Q, Zhao X-M, the ZIBC. Cellular transcriptional alterations of peripheral blood in Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Medicine. 2022;20:266.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sources

    1/ https://Google.com/

    2/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-025-02973-7

    The mention sources can contact us to remove/changing this article

    [ad_2]

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    Related Posts